![]() ![]() 2001 Broussard and Turner 2009), rampant soil erosion (Montgomery 2007 Gelder et al. Some of these issues include: impaired water quality (Rabalais et al. However, this rise in agricultural productivity with conventional industrialized agriculture has come with consequences. More recently, a focus on productivity has created high-yielding agroecosystems with 1 to 1.5% increase in grain yield per year for the world’s four major grain crops (Tilman et al. The overarching purpose of this collaborative project is to develop a deeper understanding of 3SI, its cultural importance to Native communities, and how reinvigorating the practice-and intercropping in general-can make agroecosystems more sustainable for people and the environment.Īgriculture has evolved and taken many forms since first arising in human history at ~ 12,000–23,000 years ago (Snir et al. After 1 year, 3SI increased short-term soil respiration by 24%, decreased salt-extractable nitrate by 54%, had no effect on soil microbial biomass (but increased its carbon-to-nitrogen ratio by 32%) compared to the average of monoculture crops. ![]() To address this, we collaboratively designed a 3SI experiment. One concern expressed by Native growers during ethnographic research was improving soil health-part of the rationale for establishing the 3SI agronomic experiment. Ethnographic data highlighted a culturally based respect for 3SI as living beings, the importance it holds for all cultural facets of these Native nations, and the critical impact the practice has on environmental sustainability. We developed mutually beneficial collaborative research agendas with four Midwestern US Native American nations. ![]() Supplemented with extensive musical selections, documentary footage of interviews.Before Euro-American settlement, many Native American nations intercropped maize ( Zea mays), beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris), and squash ( Cucurbita pepo) in what is colloquially called the “Three Sisters.” Here we review the historic importance and consequences of rejuvenation of Three Sisters intercropping (3SI), outline a framework to engage Native growers in community science with positive feedbacks to university research, and present preliminary findings from ethnography and a randomized, replicated 3SI experiment. Ends with the reemergence of the blues as '60s folk music (Son House, Sonny Boy Williamson II) and British Invasion (Yardbirds). Tracks early marketing of blues to white audiences (Josh White, Lead Belly). ![]() Follows migrations northward to Memphis (jug bands) and Chicago (electric blues), tracing the emerging importance of radio and live performance (King Biscuit Time, WDIA, the Chittlin' Circuit), living conditions in Chicago (Maxwell Street). Handy, Mamie Smith), as well as the singers emerging in the 1920s (Blind Lemon Jefferson, Charley Patton, Robert Johnson). Continues by detailing the emergence of blues in the early recording industry (Paramount, OKeh), including the earliest examples (W.C. Begins by examining the living conditions that produced the blues in rural Mississippi (sharecropping, the cotton industry, the Great Flood of 1927). Traces the history of the blues in America's racial history. ![]()
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